: Methods for peripheral communication like DMA.

NPTEL offers several courses on , primarily designed for undergraduate students in Computer Science and Engineering. These courses typically span 12 weeks and are available for free enrollment on the NPTEL website . 1. Core Course Structure

: Machine language, addressing modes, and the programmer-visible interface. Weeks 4–8: Processor & Memory

: Historical context from ENIAC to modern multi-core processors.

A standard NPTEL COA course, such as those from IIT Kharagpur or IIT Madras , generally follows this 12-week layout:

: Hierarchy of storage, including cache memory optimization and DRAM. Weeks 9–12: Advanced Topics