: Two opposing schools of thought emerged:

: Characterized by "romantic restoration," where ancient works were preserved or even "completed" to document "Roman greatness" and serve new functions.

The (often abbreviated as CONSERVA in academic contexts) traces the evolution from ancient maintenance to modern international heritage management. The movement grew significantly in the 18th and 19th centuries as a response to Modernism and its focus on technological progress over sentimental value. 1. Key Historical Eras & Movements

: Led by Eugène Viollet-le-Duc, this approach sought "stylistic unity." Viollet-le-Duc believed in restoring a building to a state of completeness that may never have actually existed.