Used before word-initial vowels or in compound words starting with a vowel (e.g., Verein [fɛɐ̯ˈʔaɪn]).
German consonants are classified by four main factors: the state of the vocal cords (voiced vs. voiceless), the position of the velum (oral vs. nasal), the place of articulation, and the manner of articulation. Sound Type IPA Symbols (Examples) German Word Examples [p], [b], [t], [d], [k], [ɡ], [ʔ] P ass, B ad, T ag, D ach, K amm, G ut, Be ʔ achten Fricatives [f], [v], [s], [z], [ʃ], [ʒ], [ç], [x], [h] F isch, W ein, S eite, S onne, Sch ule, G enie, i ch , a ch , H aus Nasals [m], [n], [ŋ] M und, N ase, Ri ng Liquids [l], [r], [ʁ] L and, R ot, Leh r er Affricates [pf], [ts], [tʃ] Pf und, Z eit, Tsch üss 3. Vowels and Diphthongs Phonetische Transkription des Deutschen
German distinguishes between long and short vowels, often indicated by the colon [ː] for length. Used before word-initial vowels or in compound words
[aɪ] (as in Eis ), [aʊ] (as in Haus ), [ɔʏ] (as in neu ). nasal), the place of articulation, and the manner
The unstressed [ə] (as in bitt e ) and the vocalized [ɐ] (as in Wass er ). 4. Key Rules and Notations