Public International Law -

Written agreements between states, such as the UN Charter or the Geneva Conventions .

As global crises like climate change worsen, this field has grown. It includes major agreements like the Paris Agreement , which compels states to reduce carbon emissions. Challenges to Enforcement

States can bring disputes to the "World Court," though its jurisdiction usually requires the consent of the involved parties. Public International Law

Modern PIL covers a vast range of specialized areas that maintain global order and protect human dignity. 1. International Human Rights Law (IHRL)

Born out of the horrors of World War II, IHRL protects individuals from state abuse. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights is the cornerstone, establishing rights like freedom from torture and the right to a fair trial. 2. International Humanitarian Law (IHL) Written agreements between states, such as the UN

Also known as the "Law of Armed Conflict," IHL regulates the conduct of war. Its goal is to limit suffering by protecting civilians and those no longer fighting (prisoners of war). 3. International Environmental Law

Public International Law differs fundamentally from domestic law because it lacks a central legislative or executive authority. It is built on the principle of , meaning every state is theoretically equal regardless of its size or power. Primary Sources of Law Challenges to Enforcement States can bring disputes to

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