Strand & Tenger -

: "Contemporary loss of migration in monarch butterflies" by Tenger-Trolander et al. (2019).

: This research is frequently cited in discussions about the "phenotypic costs of captivity," illustrating how human intervention and artificial rearing can inadvertently strip a species of complex survival behaviors like long-distance migration. Where to Find the Article strand & tenger

You can access the full study and related reviews through the following academic platforms: : "Contemporary loss of migration in monarch butterflies"

: The study suggests that while environmental cues are important, there is a likely genetic basis or a rapid evolutionary shift occurring in captive populations that "breaks" the migratory strand in their behavioral biology. strand & tenger

The most significant "solid article" on this topic explores how captive-bred monarch butterflies lose their ability to migrate.