Operating close to the surface introduces complex forces from surface waves that affect depth control and safety.
Resistance from lift-generating surfaces like hydroplanes. Submarine Hydrodynamics
Rapidly moving water can cause pressure drops, leading to cavitation —noisy bubbles that compromise stealth. Stealth and Operational Factors Operating close to the surface introduces complex forces
Its length relative to diameter (L/D ratio) is optimized to minimize overall resistance. Submarine Hydrodynamics