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In modern archival studies, analyzing the material of a document (the paper itself) is as crucial as reading the .

Techniques such as SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy) with EDS (Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy) are used to analyze the fibers and composition of paper, helping to identify its historical production method. To help me focus the topic, could you please clarify: Texte d'origine

By the 13th-14th centuries, paper began to replace parchment, with watermarks becoming essential for identifying the origin and provenance of the text. 3. Analyzing Historical Documents In modern archival studies, analyzing the material of