The Lessons Of History Here

Religion is viewed as a necessary tool for social stability. It provides a supernatural sanction for moral codes that would otherwise be difficult to enforce among the masses. The Durants note that even when "heaven" is replaced by "utopia," the social function remains the same.

Wealth concentration is inevitable in any society because of the natural inequality of human ability. The Durants observe that history follows a cycle: Wealth concentrates until it becomes untenable.

"The Lessons of History" (1968) is a concise survey of human history by Will and Ariel Durant. Distilled from their 11-volume The Story of Civilization , the book identifies recurring patterns in human behavior across 5,000 years. The Lessons of History

The authors argue that history is a biological process. We are subject to the same laws as other organisms:

Civilizations are not permanent. They are born, grow, flourish, and eventually decay. This decay usually happens from within—through the loss of social cohesion, moral decay, or the failure of leadership—before a physical "conquest" from the outside finishes the job. Conclusion: What is Progress? Religion is viewed as a necessary tool for social stability

The Durants define progress not as the increase in speed or power, but as the "enlargement of our heritage." True progress is the accumulation and transmission of culture, knowledge, and morals to the next generation. History’s greatest lesson is that while the players change, the play remains the same.

Redistribution occurs, either through (reform) or revolution (violence). Wealth concentration is inevitable in any society because

Human nature remains remarkably constant. While technology evolves, the fundamental motives of men—hunger, sex, vanity, and power—remain the same. Therefore, the "progress" of a civilization is often just the refinement of the means used to achieve ancient ends.